Some Photographic Mobile apps

Hi Friends...!!!

If you are looking for some photographic tools then today's post is for you. As we all know that today's generation is smartphone addict and some of them is like to click the pics of different snapshots with their cameras. So if you are looking for some those software which are able to increase your photography skills and help to fill feelings in your photography so i am sure you will love this post.

Now in the market there are so many popular OS are present for mobiles like android, IOS, blackberry, Windows Phone etc. so there are many tools which you can work with and make your photo more than a photo

Pixlr-o-matic

• This tool is a clone of intagram, But interface, speed are much better and it is very easy to use.
• It can mainly add the retro style and old frames style in the photograph.
• After you can done, you are able to save your selection and share with your friend.
• With the help of web browser you can use it for IOS, facebook and google chrome web app also.
• To take this tool for you android mobile you can click here.
• For your IOS you can click here.
• You can also visit the website to know more and test this software online here

 http://pixlr.com/o-matic/

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fotolr photo studio

• This application provide you 22 different types of photo editing and effect.
• In this app you are also find portrait feature also.
• In this built-in photo album is also available where you can make changes in skin color, clear the spots, add wigs, add makeups.
• In this app there is photo album for your edited photograph.
• Android users can get it this apps by click here.
• IOS user can take it by click here
• For go to website click the link below.

http://www.fotolr.com/psd/index.html

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PhotoFunia

• It is a good known tool.
• With the help of this tool photo can add in different 150 scenes.
• You can seen the photo in Billboard and art-gallery.
• You also swap the face and body of anyone with anyone.
• Android user can click here.
• IOS user can click here.
• Blackberry user can click here.
• Windows Phone user can click here.
• Symbian phone user can click here.
• For its website click the following link

http://www.photofunia.com/

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Photo fx free

• With the help of this application you can add Spectacular effects to your photos.
• You have to upload the photo from your album after click the pic.
• You can add effects like vintage, lomo, and emo.
• If you purchase its pro version then you can get many more features but you have to pay approx $1.49 for it
• It is available for windows phone user, If you are a Windows Phone user then you can click here.

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according to a news paper

Dexpot : Virtual Desktop

Hi Friends...!!!

Thanks for visit my blog regularly.

Today's post is all about to make your desktop dynamic i.e. on a single screen multiple desktops.

If you are working on windows and want to more than one desktop that means you wanna multiple desktops simultaneously, so dexpot is a fantastic tool for you to make it possible. With the help of dexpot you can able to seen four desktop at same time. And every one of four can operating like individuals. All desktop has its different windows and you can run different programs on different desktop. With the help of keyboard shortcuts you can switch the desktops.
If you want to try it and like to work on different desktops at same time  so you can get it from below link

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http://dexpot.de/

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Something From the official website

What are virtual desktops?

Virtual desktops are supplemental work spaces for windows and icons in Windows.
You can switch virtual desktops at a keystroke or with your mouse.

What's the use of virtual desktops?

• Overcome desktop clutter
• Facilitate working with many applications
• Organize applications into work areas

Why go for Dexpot?

• Easy to use for beginners
• Highly customizable for experts
• Packed with features
• Small memory footprint
• Regular updates
• Individual support by the developers
• Free for private use

Online Make GIF photo Animation

Hi Friends !!!

Today's post is important for all that who want to create their animation gif files.

Now I am going to tell you another web utility which I hope you will like. Let me know you about a website where you can easily create your gif animation files.Yes Friends, their is no need to install any software and no need to a great technical knowledge. To using this website is so simple it has a very nice interface and easy to understand by a non technical user also.

To start preparing your file you have to go on following link and you find "Upload" option here. Now you have to select all that images which you want to create in a single animated format. As you upload the images you can able to seen the preview of your animation. You can adjust the size of canvas and the speed of the animation. You can also change the order of the files. After you completed your setting now just click on the "create now" button and you can get your animated file.

So it is very simple and great to create a gif file without using or installing any software on the PC.

Ok, then Click on the following link and enjoy to create your own gif animations.

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http://gifmaker.me/

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Thanks...!!!

Mobile Apps

Hi Friends !!!

In this post, I am going to tell you some mobile apps and hope you will like them.

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Viber:

• It is an android app , free of cost.
• With the help of this app, you can make calls and messages to already existing users.
• To take this app you can Click here  or simply go to the address http://viber.com/

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IRCTC app:

• It is an android app.
• it is also free of cost.
• With the help of this app you can easily book your ticket from your mobile.
• You can also able to check the PNR status of booked ticket.
• To get this one you can Click here

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Getit - local search engine:

• Getit is also available for different mobiles like IPhone, Android, Blackberry, JAVA,Symbian, and Windows Phone .
• With the help of this app you can know the special places around you without opening the maps.
• This app work like a special directory for you.
• This a complete guide for you.
• To download this app for android click here
• For IPhone Click here
• For Black berry Click here
• For Java Click here
• For Windows Phone Click here
• For symbian Cick here
• To download from the official website click on the link http://www.getit.in/apps/mobile/

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Document to go:

• It is also an android app, available in free version.
• This app is famous to view documents.
• You can able to only view the documents but do not able to edit it.
• To download its free version for android Click here

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Springpad:

• This app is available for both android and IPhone users.
• With the help of this app you can create your notes and write your ideas.
• After that you can discuss on it.
• To get this app for android Click here
• For IPhone Click here
• You can also go to the website for select your mobile . http://springpad.com/resources/

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Thanks...!!!

Browse Happy

Hi Friends !!!

Today I am going to tell you a web utility site.

Yes, as the post name browse happy you are getting correct, it is something related to browsing.

There is a website where you can get the five most rated browsers. Here you will get the following browsers

• Google Chrome: One of the most popular browser in now days.
• Mozilla FireFox: A great Browser which is the best known to all user.
• Opera: Another good browser, has a unique identity in any OS of mobiles as well as PC also.
• Internet Explorer: One of the most known browser. If you are India and want to surf some Government websites then you must have to use the Internet Explorer.
• Safari: Last but not least the safari from Apple a good working browser known for its quality. 

So if you want to install any of the above browser then no need to go any website with their rounded policies.Just simply click on the following link and directly redirect on the desire browser's home/download page.

One another great feature is that if do you already have installed the any of the above browser and want to upgrade it then it is a right place just click on the browser showing in the list and upgrade your browser without wandering anywhere

So Browse Happy click and Enjoy.

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http://browsehappy.com/

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Another Important Tool : KeePass

Hi Friends !!

Today I am going to tell you another fantastic utility tool. And i hope you will like it as always. 

So if you do you have so many password to remember and you are confused to use that that surely this post will help you very much.

Keepass, this is a utility tool which help you, it is an open source password keeper. It keep store all things in hardly encrypted database. You can keep store your Password, Credit card information and bank ID etc.

All that stuff are protected through a master password. Your data automatically encrypted on your system. This tool uses the most secure encrypted algorithm.

To check this software you have to just click on the following link and try this software for free..........

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http://keepass.info/

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A tool to erase data permanently : Eraser

Eraser, As the name indicated it is a helping tool for those who want to erase the data permanently let see how it can be possible.

If you are selling your old hard drive or PC then surely a question comes in your mind that something important data are present in the hard drive or system in any format which is accessible to the programmer with method of recovery. However you deleted your entire data, But there are some free software are present in the market, with the help of which the deleted data can also be recover.

In that condition you can use eraser.With the help of eraser you can securely delete the data from your hard drive forever. After which the data will not be able to recover by anyone.

Eraser randomly overwrite the pattern of your data and you can also choose your security level.

To use or experience this fantastic tool you can click on the following link for free of cost.

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http://eraser.heidi.ie/

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Screen Sharing

Hi Friends !!!

Wish you all a very happy December !!!

Today's Post is for those who want do make screen sharing with their friends or family members.

screenleap : It is an screen sharing service. Someone who habitual to work with any browser, now they do not need to download or install anything and also not bother to sign up or sign in. The requirement is only that, Java must be installed on the system which is already installed on maximum system.With whom you want to share your screen, they can use it with the help of a web browser on PC,Smartphone and on tablet also. Its largest benefit is that,You can share your screen with multiple persons.

To use this screen sharing service you can click on the following link...

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http://www.screenleap.com/

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Useful Software : CrossLoop

Hi Friends!!

An another important & useful software for you.Hope you will like it

If you are working with windows & you are trapped in a trouble, then this post will help you. CrossLoop software with the help of which you can connect with anyone's computer or anyone can connect with your computer also, and working on your computer for few time with your Permission. To use it you do not need the complex VNC clients or IP addresses. The requirement is to use it only that croosloop must be installed on both the PC/Mac and a good internet connection. After it you will connect with each other. The Connection is secure and it can only be accessed through password. Every-time when you start it , the pass-keys are generated.

To Experience this useful software you have to download it from the following link:

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http://www.crossloop.com/

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TrueCrypt : Virtual Drive

Hi Friends!!!

Today's Post is very important as security point of view.

If there are some files or programs present in your computer,which you do not want to show others then you should have to use true-crypt.   It is an automatic and real time open source encryption software. It can keep secure anything on your hard drive. It keeps  data far from the reach of apocryphal persons and experienced hackers. With the use of this software you can create an encrypted volume on your drive.It perform encryption or decryption using the techniques of  modern processor. It will not slow your computer speed. It is very easy to use.

So this post will help all of you in many ways.But specially to them who have only single drive on their system and want to create some other drives but unable ,because of the large amount of data stored on their system.

So if you are interested to work with it , then you have to click on the following link and experienced a new way to create the virtual drives........

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http://www.truecrypt.org/

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Change the File Formate Without any Software

Hi Guys!!

This is a very useful post for every one......

If someone sent a file to you using e-mail and you are unable to open it or you do not have the needed software to open it then you are so much worry & getting frustrated & tell the mailer to resend the mail with appropriate file format so that you can easily open it with the software you have.

It many times happen with the music files. The music file you downloaded , but you do not have the software to play it if its format is other than MP3 & WAVE format.

But don't worry all this trouble can solve with the use of single website. You just have to go to the following link & choose your format in which you have to convert the file. The using of this website is so easy & this is a very useful & user-friendly website.

Sometime it will take so much time to convert the large size of files.You can also change the formats of Images & videos also,

All the results by this website are very good & you are will enjoy to work with it.


Thank you!!!

Just Click & Enjoy

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http://www.online-convert.com/

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Important Window tool

Hi Friends !!

Here is something useful for you. A tool which you like if you are looking to snapshot something from your PC. Sometimes we have to use snapshot for some reason or anything else like to help someone or capture the computer screen for our project or later use,so this will be an important post for you.

"Cam Studio": This is a very useful software. Whatever you are doing on your screen of PC this software can able to record it in the form of a video. If you want to tell something to your friends or family member to show them something or broadcast the video on any video broadcasting website then you can start the cam studio. You have to click on record & minimize the window & do whatever you want to do.After the work has been done stop the recording & you will get the high quality or AVI file of your work. Its very useful & easy to work & better then the use of a camera.

To download this free software click the following link & enjoy the free streaming video.

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http://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/project/camstudio/stable/CamStudio_Setup_v2.6b_r294_%28build_24Oct2010%29.exe

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For more detail go to the website http://camstudio.org/

Some Helpfull Websites

All the below websites are helpful for all you guys. If you do not have very good knowledge of programming  don't worry its all very simple to create new applications. Some of the websites provides the fantastic interface for its users so that they can easily understand & work on their new desire apps. So look at-least once on the following websites

Apps Builder

Mobile App Wizard

Apps Bar

Apps Geyser

The Apps Builder

App Breeder

I Build App

ANDROMO

Make Me Droid

Abbreviations and full forms

ADSL – Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 
AGP – Accelerated Graphics Port 
ALI – Acer Labs, Incorporated 
ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit 
AMD – Advanced Micro Devices 
APC – American Power Conversion 
ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange 
ASIC – Application Specific Integrated Circuit 
ASPI – Advanced SCSI Programming Interface 
AT – Advanced Technology 
ATI – ATI Technologies Inc. 
ATX – Advanced Technology Extended 
BFG – BFG Technologies 
BIOS – Basic Input Output System 
BNC – Barrel Nut Connector 
CAS – Column Address Signal 
CD – Compact Disk 
CDR – Compact Disk Recorder 
CDRW – Compact Disk Re-Writer 
CD-ROM – Compact Disk – Read Only Memory 
CFM – Cubic Feet per Minute (ft?/min) 
CMOS – Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor 
CPU – Central Processing Unit
CTX – CTX Technology Corporation (Commited to Excellence) 
DDR – Double Data Rate 
DDR-SDRAM – Double Data Rate – Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory 
DFI – DFI Inc. (Design for Innovation) 
DIMM – Dual Inline Memory Module 
DRAM – Dynamic Random Access Memory 
DPI – Dots Per Inch 
DSL – See ASDL 
DVD – Digital Versatile Disc 
DVD-RAM – Digital Versatile Disk – Random Access Memory 
ECC – Error Correction Code 
ECS – Elitegroup Computer Systems 
EDO – Extended Data Out 
EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory 
EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory 
EVGA – EVGA Corporation 
FC-PGA – Flip Chip Pin Grid Array 
FDC – Floppy Disk Controller 
FDD – Floppy Disk Drive 
FPS – Frame Per Second 
FPU – Floating Point Unit 
FSAA – Full Screen Anti-Aliasing 
FS – For Sale 
FSB – Front Side Bus 
GB – Gigabytes 
GBps – Gigabytes per second or Gigabits per second 
GDI – Graphical Device Interface 
GHz – GigaHertz 
HDD – Hard Disk Drive 
HIS – Hightech Information System Limited 
HP – Hewlett-Packard Development Company 
HSF – Heatsink-Fan 
HTTP– Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
IBM – International Business Machines Corporation 
IC – Integrated Circuit 
IDE – Integrated Drive Electronics 
IFS- Item for Sale 
IRQ – Interrupt Request 
ISA – Industry Standard Architecture 
ISO – International Standards Organization 
JBL – JBL (Jame B. Lansing) Speakers 
JVC – JVC Company of America 
Kbps – Kilobits Per Second KBps – KiloBytes per second 
LG – LG Electronics 
LAN – Local Area Network 
LCD – Liquid Crystal Display 
LDT – Lightning Data Transport 
LED – Light Emitting Diode 
MAC – Media Access Control 
MB – MotherBoard or Megabyte 
MBps – Megabytes Per Second 
Mbps – Megabits Per Second or Megabits Per Second 
MHz – MegaHertz 
MIPS – Million Instructions Per Second 
MMX – Multi-Media Extensions 
MSI – Micro Star International 
NAS – Network Attached Storage 
NAT – Network Address Translation 
NEC – NEC Corporation 
NIC – Network Interface Card 
OC – Overclock (Over Clock) 
OCZ – OCZ Technology 
OEM – Original Equipment Manufacturer 
PC – Personal Computer 
PCB – Printed Circuit Board 
PCI – Peripheral Component Interconnect 
PDA – Personal Digital Assistant 
PCMCIA – Peripheral Component Microchannel Interconnect Architecture 
PGA – Professional Graphics Array 
PLD – Programmable Logic Device 
PM – Private Message / Private Messaging PnP – Plug ‘n Play 
PNY – PNY Technology 
POST – Power On Self Test 
PPPoA – Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM 
PPPoE – Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet 
PQI – PQI Corporation 
PSU – Power Supply Unit 
RAID – Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks 
RAM – Random Access Memory 
RAMDAC – Random Access Memory Digital Analog Convertor 
RDRAM – Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory 
ROM – Read Only Memory 
RPM – Revolutions Per Minute 
SASID – Self-scanned Amorphous Silicon Integrated Display 
SCA – SCSI Configured Automatically 
SCSI – Small Computer System Interface 
SDRAM – Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory 
SECC – Single Edge Contact Connector 
SODIMM – Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module 
SPARC – Scalable Processor ArChitecture 
SOHO – Small Office Home Office 
SRAM – Static Random Access Memory 
SSE – Streaming SIMD Extensions 
SVGA – Super Video Graphics Array 
S/PDIF – Sony/Philips Digital Interface 
TB – Terabytes 
TBps – Terabytes per second 
Tbps – Terabits per second 
TDK – TDK Electronics 
TEC – Thermoelectric Cooler
TCP – Transmission Control Protocol
TPC – TipidPC 
TWAIN – Technology Without An Important Name 
UART – Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter 
URL – Uniform Recourse Locator 
USB – Universal Serial Bus 
UTP – Unshieled Twisted Pair 
VCD – Video CD 
VPN – Virtual Private Network 
WAN – Wide Area Network 
WTB – Want to Buy 
WYSIWYG – What You See Is What You Get 
XGA – Extended Graphics Array 
XFX – XFX Graphics, a Division of Pine 
XML – eXtensible Mark-up Language 
XMS – Extended Memory Specification 
XT – Extended Technology

Some More Famous Scientist of INDIA

C. R. Rao (1920 - ) C a l y amp u d i R a d h a k r i s h n a R a o wa s b o r n t o C .D. Na i d u a n d A . Laxmikantamma on 10 September 1920 in Huvvina Hadagalli in present day Karnataka. He was the eighth in a family of 10 children. After his father’s retirement, the family settled down in Vishakapatnam in Andhra Pradesh. From his earliest years, Rao had an interest in mathematics. After completing high school he joined the Mrs. A.V.N. College at Vishakapatnam for the Intermediate course. He received his M.A. in Mathematics with first rank in 1940. Rao d e c i d e d t o p u r s u e a r e s e a r c h c a r e e r i n ma t h ema t i c s , b u t wa s d e n i e d a scholarship on the grounds of late submission of the application. He then went to Kolkata for an interview for a job. He did not get the job, but by chance he visited the Indian Statistical Institute, then located in a couple of rooms in the Physics Department of the Presidency College, Kolkata. He applied for a one-year training course at the Institute and was admitted to the Training Section of the Institute from 1 January 1941. In July 1941 he joined the M.A Statistics program of the Calcutta University. By the time he passed the M.A. exam in 1943, winning the gold medal of the University, he had already published some research papers! In 1943 he joined ISI as a technical apprentice, doing research, teaching in the Training Section of the Institute and at Calcutta University and assisting Professor Mahalanobis in editing Sankhya the Indian Journal of Statistics. In 1946 he was deputed to the Cambridge University on a project. While working full time on this, he also worked in the genetic laboratory of R.A. Fisher, the father of modern statistics and completed his Ph.D. under Fisher. By this time Rao had already completed some of the work which carries his name: Cramer-Rao inequality, Rao-Blackwell theorem, Rao’s score test and Rao’s orthogonal arrays. He returned to ISI in 1948 and in 1949 was made a Professor at the very young age of 29. He headed and developed the Research and Training Section of the ISI, and went on to become Director of the ISI. He became the associate editor of the Sankhya in 1964 and became the editor in 1972. He left ISI in 1978 and joined the University of Pittsburgh. In 1988 he moved to the Pennsylvannia State University holding the Eberly Family Chair in Statistics and the Directorship of the Centre for Multivariate Analysis till 2001.  Dr. Rao is a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, and a Member of the Na t iona l Ac ademy of Sc i enc e s , U.S.A. He wa s awa rded the Padma Vibhushan in 2001. The C.R. Rao Award for Statistics was instituted in his honor, to be given once in two years. In 2002 he was awarded the National Medal of Science of the U.S.A. The Advanced Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science in the Osmania University Campus has been named after him.

K. Chandrasekharan (1920 -) Komaravolu Chandrasekharan was born on 21 November 1920 in Machilipatnam in modern-day Andhra Pradesh. He attended District Board School in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, and then High School at Bapatla, also in Guntur. He then obtained his M.A. in Mathematics from the Presidency C o l l e g e , C h e n n a i a n d w a s a R e s e a r c h S c h o l a r i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f Mathematics of the University of Madras during 1940-1943. During 1943-46 he was a part-time Lecturer at Presidency College and obtained his Ph.D. during this time under Ananda Rau, who was with Ramanujan in Cambridge. Chandrasekharan then went to the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, U.S.A. In 1949, while he was in Princeton, he was invited by Homi Bhabha to join the School of Ma thema t i c s of the Ta t a Ins t i tut e of Fundament a l Research. An extraordinarily gifted organiser and administrator of science, he transformed the fledgling School of Mathematics of TIFR into a centre of excellence respected the world over. He initiated a very successful programme of recruitment and training of Research Scholars at TIFR. The programme continues to this day along the same lines that he set down. He put to excellent use his contacts with the leading mathematicians of the world, persuading many of them (like L. Schwartz, a Fields medalist, and C.L. Siegel) to visit TIFR and deliver courses of lectures over periods of two months and more. The lecture notes prepared out of these lectures and published by TIFR enjoy a great reputation in the world mathematics community to this day. During 1955-61, he was a member of the Executive Committee of the International Mathematical Union (IMU). He served as the Secretary of IMU during 1961-66 and as President during 1971-74. His initiatives over a long period of 24 years on this Committee were numerous and valued greatly. He served as the Vice President of the International Council of Scientific Unions during 1963-66 and as its Secretary General during 1966-70. He was a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee to the Cabinet, Government of India during 1961-66. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1959, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in 1963 and the Ramanujan Medal in 1966. H e w a s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e I M U s p o n s o r i n g t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Mathematical Colloquium held every 4 years at the Tata Institute starting 1956. I n 1 9 5 7 o n h i s i n i t i a t i v e , T I F R p u b l i s h e d t h e N o t e b o o k s o f S r i n i v a s a Ramanujan. In the fifties, Chandrasekharan held the editorship of the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society. Thanks to his abilities at persuading some of the great names in the field to publish there, several great papers appeared in the journal during this period. I n 1 9 6 5 h e l e f t T I F R a n d mo v e d t o E i d g e r o s s i s c h e Te c h n i s c h e Hochschule, Zurich. He worked in the f i e lds of numbe r theory and summabi l i ty. Hi s ma thema t i c a l a chi evement s a r e f i r s t r a t e , but hi s cont r ibut ion to Indi an mathematics has been even greater.

Har Gobind Khorana (1922 - ) Har Gobind Khorana was born in Raipur, Punjab, (now in Pakistan) on 9 January 1922. His father was a patwari, a village agricultural taxation clerk in the British-Indian system of government. Har Gobind did his schooling from the D.A.V. High School in Multan. He received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from the Punjab University in Lahore. Khorana lived in India until 1945, when the award of a Government of India Fellowship made it possible for him to go to England and he studied for a Ph. D. degree at the University of Liverpool. Khorana spent a postdoctoral year (1948-1949) at the Eidgenössische. Technische Hochschule in Zurich, and then joined Cambridge University, England in 1950, where he worked with Professors G.W. Kenner and Lord A.R. Todd. In 1952 he went to the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. The British Columbia Research Council offered at that time very little by way of facilities, but there was ‘all the freedom in the world’, to do what the researcher liked to do. He became the Alfred Sloan Professor of Biology and Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1970 and is at present an Emeritus Professor at the Department of Biology at MIT. Dr. Har Gobind Khorana shared the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in 1968 with Marshall Nirenberg and Robert Holley for cracking the genetic code. They established that this code, the biological language common to all living organisms, is spelled out in three-letter words: each set of three nucleotides codes for a specific amino acid. Dr. Khorana was also the f i r s t t o s y n t h e s i z e o l i g o n u c l e o t i d e s ( s t r i n g s o f n u c l e o t i d e s ) . To d a y, oligonucleotides are indispensable tools in biotechnology, widely used in biology labs for sequencing, cloning and genetic engineering. Khorana has won many awards and honors for his achievements, amongst them the Padma Vibhushan, Membership of the National Academy of Sciences, USA as well as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

G. N. Ramachandran (1922-2001) G. N. Ramachandran was born on 8 October 1922 in Ernakulam, Kerala. Hi s f a the r G. Na r ayana Iye r wa s the pr inc ipa l of Maha r a j a ’s col l ege in Ernakulam. Ramachandran did his intermediate from Maharaja’s college and his B.Sc. (Hons) in Physics from St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchi. In 1942 he joined the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore as a student in the Electrical Engineering department. However, under the influence of C.V. Raman, he shifted to Physics. He obtained his M.Sc. and then his Ph.D. in 1947, under Raman’s supervision. He then went to the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge and obtained his second Ph.D degree under Prof. Wooster. He returned to India in 1949 and joined IISc as an Assistant Professor.  In 1952, at the young age of 30, he moved to Madras as the Head of the Physics Department at the University of Madras. On the suggestion of J.D. Bernal, the crystallographer and chemist, who visited the University in 1952, he started work on determining the structure of the protein collagen, the fibrous protein found in skin, bone and tendon. Based on the limited data available at the time, in 1954, he proposed, along with Gopinath Kartha, the triple-helix structure for collagen, later revised in the light of new data to the coiled coil s t r u c t u r e f o r b i o m o l e c u l e s . T h i s w a s a f u n d a m e n t a l a d v a n c e i n t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f b i o m o l e c u l a r s t r u c t u r e s . H e a n d h i s c o l l e a g u e s C . Ramakrishnan and V. Sasisekharan went on to develop methods to examine and assess structures of biomolecules, in particular peptides. In 1963, this resulted in the famous Ramachandran map, which is an indispensable tool in the study of molecular structures today. His contributions in the field of X-ray crystallography such as anomalous dispersion, new kinds of Fourier syntheses, and X-ray intensity statistics are also extremely important. His 1971 paper with A.V. Lakshminarayanan on three-dimensional image reconstruction was to have important applications in Computer Assisted Tomography. (The 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to A.M. Cormack and Sir G.N. Hounsfield for their work in CAT).  In 1971 Ramachandran returned to Bangalore to set up the Molecular Biophysics Unit at the IISc which is today a major research centre. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1977 and was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar award. In 1999, The International Union of Crystallography awarded him the prestigious Ewald Prize, which is given only once in three years. He was the editor of Current Science between 1950 and 1957.

Harish Chandra (1923-1983) Harish Chandra was born on 11 October 1923 in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. He attended school in Kanpur and then the University of Allahabad, where he studied theoretical physics. After obtaining his master’s degree in 1943 he joined the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore to work further with Homi Bhabha on theoretical physics. Dr. Bhabha arranged for Harish Chandra to go to Cambridge to work for his Ph.D. under the legendary Paul Dirac. In 1947 Dirac visited Princeton for one year and Harish Chandra worked as his assistant during this time. In Princeton he met and was greatly influenced by the great French mathematician Chevalley, giving up physics altogether and taking up mathematics. Harish moved to Columbia University after his year at Princeton.  In 1963, Harish Chandra was invited to become a permanent member of the Institute of Advanced Study at Princeton. He was appointed IBM-von Neumann Professor in 1968. Harish Chandra received many awards in his career. He was a Fellow of both the Indian Academy of Sciences and the Indian National Science Academy. In 1974, he received the Ramanujan Medal from Indian National Science Academy. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and also won the Cole prize from the American Mathematical Society in 1954 for his papers on representations of semisimple Lie algebras and groups. Harish Chandra is quoted as saying that he believed that his lack of background in mathematics was in a way responsible for the novelty of his work:- “I have often pondered over the roles of knowledge or experience, on the one hand, and imagination or intuition, on the other, in the process of discovery. I believe that there is a certain fundamental conflict between the two, and knowledge, by advocating caution, tends to inhibit the flight of imagination. Therefore, a certain naivete, unburdened by conventional wisdom, can sometimes be a positive asset.’’  His profound contributions to the representation theory of Lie groups, harmonic analysis, and related areas left researchers a rich legacy that continues today.

M. K. Vainu Bappu (1927-1982) Manali Kallat Vainu Bappu was born on August 10, 1927 to a senior astronomer in the Nizamiah Observatory, Hyderabad. A brilliant student throughout, Vainu Bappu not only excelled in studies but took active part in debates, sports and other extra curricular activities. However, astronomy to which he was exposed from an early age, became his passion. Being a keen amateur astronomer, even as an undergraduate, he had published papers on variable star observations. After obtaining his Masters degree in Physics from Madras University, Vainu Bappu joined the prestigious Harvard University on a scholarship. Within a few months of his arrival at Harvard, Vainu Bappu discovered a comet. This comet was named Bappu-Bok-Newkirk, after Bappu and his colleagues Bart Bok and Gordon Newkirk who worked out the details of this comet. He completed his Ph.D. in 1952 and joined the Palomar observatory on the prestigious Carnegie Fellowship. There, he and Colin Wilson discovered a relationship between the luminosity of particular kinds of stars and some of their spectral characteristics. This important observation came to be known as the Bappu-Wilson effect and is used to determine the luminosity and distance of these kind of stars.  He returned to India in 1953 and largely through his efforts, he set up the Uttar Pradesh State Observatory in Nainital. In 1960 he left Nainital to take over as the Director of the Kodaikanal Observatory. He modernised the facilities there and it is today an active centre of astronomical research. He however realised that the Kodaikanal Observatory was inadequate for making s t e l l a r o b s e r v a t i o n s a n d s t a r t e d s e a r c h i n g f o r a g o o d s i t e f o r a s t e l l a r observatory. As a result of his efforts, a totally indigenous 2.3 meter telescope was designed, fabricated and installed in Kavalur, Tamil Nadu. Both the telescope and the observatory were named after him when it was commissioned in 1986. He was awarded the Donhoe Comet-Medal (1949) by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, elected as Honorary Foreign Fellow of the Belgium Ac a d emy o f S c i e n c e s a n d wa s a n Ho n o r a r y Memb e r o f t h e Ame r i c a n A s t r o n o m i c a l S o c i e t y. H e w a s e l e c t e d P r e s i d e n t o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronomical Union in 1979.